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Документ Консенсус(СумДПУ імені А. С.Макаренка, 2025)В журналі розглядаються актуальні проблеми історії України, всесвітньої історії, історичного краєзнавства, міжнародних відносин, історіографії, джерелознавства, спеціальних історичних дисциплін, теорії та методології історичної науки, археології, етнології, історії науки й технікиДокумент The Fall and Generation of the Khazar Khaganate:Regional Ethnopolitical Changes(Гельветика, 2025) Ismailzade Saida Dzhafar; Ісмаїлзаде Саїда ДжафарThe article examines the collapse of the Khazar Khaganate in the 11th century, analyzes the causes of its decline, internal and external factors that led to the political and cultural crisis, as well as the significance of this process for understanding the dynamics of medieval Eurasia. Methodology. This research is based on the methods of historical analysis and an integrated approach, which includes the study of historical sources, archaeological data, as well as the application of modern theories and concepts in the field of medieval history. Important attention is paid to the interrelation of external economic and internal political factors that influenced the development and decline of the Khazar Khaganate. Scientific novelty. The work is a contribution to the study of the causes of the collapse of the Khazar Khaganate, especially in the context of the interaction of external threats and internal problems such as ethnic and religious differences, political instability and economic crisis. Special attention is paid to the role of the Byzantine Empire, Rus, and nomadic tribes such as the Pechenegs and Cumans in the process of weakening the khaganate. Conclusions: The collapse of the Khazar Khaganate was the result of a combination of various factors: external military threats, including clashes with Russia and Byzantium, as well as internal problems, including ethnic and religious conflicts, which contributed to political and social instability. The weakening of military power, dependence on mercenaries and the deteriorating economic situation further aggravated the situation of the khaganate. The influence of the foreign policy of neighboring states, as well as the religious assimilation of the elite, also played a role in the collapse of the Khazar state. The fall of the khaganate became a vivid example of how external threats and internal contradictions can lead to the rapid decline of even a powerful state that played a key role in the trade and political relations of Medieval Eurasia.Документ Pages From the Life of Oksana Lintvaryova(Гельветика, 2025) Berezhna Svitlana Viktorivna; Бережна Світлана Вікторівна; Diakova Olena; Дьякова ОленаThe purpose of the work is to highlight the life of Oksana Georgievna Lintvaryova. The methodological basis of the work is the principles of historicism, objectivity and systematicity. The article is based on philosophical and special scientific methods of the socio- humanitarian sphere of scientific knowledge. The scientific novelty consists in the formation of the biography of Oksana Lintvareva from the collected information found in various publications, clarification of the facts of some events in the life of this person. Conclusions. Oksana Georgiivna Lintvaryova lived a bright and dynamic life. She was born in 1908 and died in 2008, 8 months short of her centenary. She is the successor of two noble families of Slobid Ukraine – Lintvaryov and Bekaryukov. Being a noblewoman, she absorbed European, Russian and Ukrainian culture. She was surrounded by many famous Ukrainian writers and scientists. There were especially many of them in the 1920s - in the first half of the 1930s, when her mother worked at the State Publishing House of Ukraine, and Oksana herself was the operator of the first Ukrainian radio center. Before the war, she was the wife of prominent Ukrainian figures – Lev Kovaliv and Lev Chikalenko. Since 1943, she fell in love with Yuriy Shevelyov and to some extent helped him in his scientific work, often translating his studies into European languages. O. Zabuzhko calls her a ‘femme fatale’ because of her relationships with men. Nevertheless, her life was not easy. After a carefree childhood, she, as a representative of a noble family, from 1917 had to experience a lot of suffering during the years of the revolution and after its termination, to survive the arrest and execution of two men, to escape from her own arrest all the way to Chelyabinsk. After the start of the German-Soviet war, Oksana Georgievna deliberately stayed in occupied Kharkiv, and in 1943 she emigrated to the West. She took a direct part in events held by Ukrainian emigrants. Organizing the archive of her last husband, Lev Chikalenko, can be considered an important act of her life.Документ On the Study of Cast-Iron Firebacks of the «Cold Golden Age» of the Dutch Republic(Гельветика, 2025) Batenko Taras; Батенко ТарасThe purpose of this study is to explore the historical, cultural, and economic role of cast- iron firebacks («firebacks») in the context of the development of the Dutch Republic during the Little Ice Age of the 17th century. Methodology. The study employs an interdisciplinary approach that combines historical analysis, iconographic research on firebacks, and climate reconstructions to examine the impact of climatic conditions on the development of production, art, and daily life in the Netherlands. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the study analyzes the design specifics and symbolism of ‘Dutch’ cast-iron firebacks in the context of the cultural identity of the Dutch Republic. It describes their role as markers of social and political changes, particularly in the context of the struggle for independence and economic prosperity amid climate challenges. Conclusions. Cast-iron firebacks, or firebacks, became an important element of the material culture of the Dutch Republic during the Little Ice Age, which was characterized by cold winters. The Republic, known for its economic strength and ability to adapt to adverse climatic conditions, successfully applied advanced metallurgy technologies, particularly in the production of cast-iron firebacks for heating homes. Firebacks were not only practical household items but also significant cultural and political symbols. Their typology and design reflected key features of Dutch culture, particularly the importance of the sea, which played a crucial role in the development of the Dutch economy and navy, as well as the struggle for independence and the resilience of the Netherlands against external threats. The firebacks often feature maritime-themed symbols that emphasize the significance of fishing and trade routes for the economic stability of the Republic. For example, arched borders with marine motifs such as shells or dolphins strengthen this image. Political themes, such as the scene of ‘Our Lady of Holland’ on the ‘Pro Patria’ fireback, symbolize not only national pride but also the active involvement of women in the fight for rights and freedom, which had significant importance for the Republic in its struggle for independence from Spain. Thus, cast-iron firebacks are important not only as elements of daily life but also as cultural and political symbols that reflect the internal resilience and national identity of the Dutch Republic. They are integral part of the ‘Cold Golden Age’, a period when the Dutch were able to build one of the strongest economies in Europe by adapting their strategies to the harsh climatic conditions of the Little Ice Age.Документ Andriy Malyshko’s Activity in the Conditions of the «Zhdanovshchyna»(2025) Plisetskyi Dimitrii; Плісецький ДімітрійThe aim of the article. To examine the causes and essence of the «Zhdanovshchina» policy, as well as to analyze its implementation through the activities and work of the Ukrainian Soviet poet Andriy Malyshko. The research methodology. To achieve the objectives of this article, widely accepted approaches, principles, and methods of scientific inquiry were applied: analysis of documentary sources and newspaper publications, their subsequent synthesis, comparison of the approaches of various researchers, systematization, and generalization of the gathered information. These methods enabled the identification of the essence of the «Zhdanovshchina» policy through the example of the activities of the Ukrainian Soviet poet Andriy Malyshko. Scientific novelty. Based on an in-depth study of archival materials, the author analyzes the causes and nature of the «Zhdanovshchina» policy – a campaign of criticism and persecution of Soviet cultural and literary figures during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its goal was to force writers to adhere to the principles of «socialist realism» in their creative works and to promote the cult of Joseph Stalin in their writings. The article also explores the atmosphere within the Union of Soviet Writers of Ukraine (USWU) and the Soviet Writers’ Union of the USSR, set against the backdrop of the prominent Ukrainian Soviet poet Andriy Samiylovych Malyshko’s activities. The article includes excerpts from reports by party officials and cultural figures, as well as resolutions from the USWU plenum meetings. Conclusions. The creative intellectuals were compelled to submit to the demands of the Soviet totalitarian system, one of the tools of which was the «Zhdanovshchina» policy. This policy opened the door for criticism of even the smallest details in the works of writers. The main goal of literature once again became the glorification of Stalin’s regime and its achievements. Those who opposed this were subjected to harsh criticism, deemed necessary and useful for writers. Through the example of Andriy Malyshko’s work, we can observe how even without clear justification, one could become an object of persecution. However, the poet was fortunate. Despite facing criticism and losing positions, he managed to continue his public and cultural activities under the conditions of «Zhdanovshchina» by conforming to its rules. Andriy Malyshko wrote works that fulfilled the demands outlined in Andriy Zhdanov’s report. The writer conformed to the Soviet totalitarian system, yet also participated in criticizing fellow writers as a means of self-preservation.Документ The Evolution of the Scottish National Party’s Position on Britain’s European Integration (1970s–1990s)(Гельветика, 2025) Dehtiarov Vadym; Дегтярьов ВадимThe study explores the evolution of the Scottish National Party’s (SNP) position on Britain’s European integration in the 1970s–1990s. It substantiates the interconnection between Scotland’s national aspirations for autonomy and the transformation of the SNP’s stance on European integration. The aim of the article is to analyze the evolution of the Scottish National Party’s position on Britain’s European integration during the 1970s–1990s. Methodological framework. The research objectives were achieved through a combination of general scientific and specialized historical methods. The study employs analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, and generalization, as well as comparative-historical, narrative, chronological, and systemic methods. Scientific novelty. The article offers a comprehensive analysis of the transformation of the SNP’s European policy in the 1970s–1990s, taking into account intra-party debates and the broader foreign policy context. The research clarifies the role of the European integration issue in shaping the party’s political strategy, providing deeper insights into the foundations of modern Scottish Euro-optimism. Conclusions. The analysis of the SNP’s evolving position on European integration in the 1970s–1990s reveals a complex and multidimensional transformation of the party’s political orientations. Initially, the SNP’s skepticism towards Britain’s membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) stemmed not so much from a rejection of European integration itself, but rather from concerns that it could hinder the party’s strategic goal – Scottish independence. Given the centralized nature of EEC integration mechanisms and their perception as an extension of British policy, SNP members saw Britain’s membership in the Community as an additional factor reinforcing Scotland’s dependence and limiting its sovereign aspirations. However, over time, as the political and economic context changed, the SNP’s position underwent significant shifts. The recognition of the potential benefits of European integration, particularly in terms of economic opportunities and political prospects for Scotland within the European Union, contributed to a reassessment of the party’s strategy. By the late 1980s, the party had begun to move away from strict Euroscepticism in favor of a more pragmatic approach. By the 1990s, the SNP had firmly adopted a pro-European stance, viewing the EU not as an obstacle, but as a potential platform for advancing Scotland’s national project.Документ History of Pryluky District: a Microhistorical Researchfor Specification of the Time of Foundation of Karpylivka(Гельветика, 2025) Taraban Yurii Valentynovych; Тарабан Юрій Валентинович; Tytarenko Alla Valentynivna; Титаренко Алла ВалентинівнаThe purpose of the article is to clarify the time of the founding of the village of Karpylivka, Pryluky district, Chernihiv region, based on the analysis of historical information, the use of microhistorical research methods, and the analysis of cartographic sources. The methodological basis of the study is the complex application of general scientific (analysis; synthesis; comparison and generalization), specific scientific (structural; interpretative-analytical, search, bibliographic, cartographic) methods, as well as microhistorical research methods (biographical, historical reconstruction, ‘dense description’, individualization and uniqueness, historical and social extrapolation). The scientific novelty lies in the justification, based on the identified written and cartographic sources, of significant corrections to the time of the founding of the village of Karpylivka, Pryluky district, Chernihiv region. The study contributes to the growth of scientific interest in the study of local objects and personalities, personifies and actualizes local history in the context of the history of Ukraine, and is of a local history educational nature. The research methodology used can be applied to similar microhistorical explorations of local historical sites on the territory of Ukraine. Conclusions. The study of the history of the origin of the village of Karpylivka, the identification of facts that clarify the chronology of the foundation and the context of historical events, became possible thanks to the use of a complex of microhistorical methods, the study of cartographic materials, as well as the analysis of the historical context of the events of the second half of the 17th century that unfolded in Ukraine and the Sribnyan region. The results of the study can be considered: Clarification of the date of the foundation of the village of Karpylivka: a settlement with this name probably existed from the 40-50s of the 17th century, no later than April 1659, and ceased to exist by 1708(10). The place where the Sribnyanskyi centurion Anton Trotsyna re-founded the village of Karpylivka is the location of the village of the same name, which was probably destroyed in April 1659 by a punitive detachment of Muscovites during a battle with Cossack detachments under the command of the Pryluky colonel Petro Doroshenko. The desolation and oblivion of the village of Karpylivka destroyed by the Russians for half a century were the result of the military defeat of the Ukrainians and the long-term dominance of the Russian narrative in explaining the history of Ukraine. Soviet historiography inherited the aforementioned imperial policy of silencing the tragedy. The founding of Karpylivka in 1708 (or in 1710) was actually an act of restoring the destroyed village in the process of economic development of the surrounding lands. The version of the alleged ancient Tatar destruction of the village is not factually confirmed and is presented in Russian imperial and Soviet historiography as a way to avoid mentioning the true course of events. The methodology of the conducted comprehensive study involving source information and its multi-aspect analysis can be used for further research into the history of Karpylivka, as well as other settlements and local facts of microhistory. The effectiveness of chronological attribution through comparative and contextual analysis of diverse source information (in particular, cartographic) deserves the isolation of this aspect as a technological component of the study and the formation of the methodology of microhistorical and regional studies. The study is educational in nature, as it explains the influence of Russian military power on the formation of the context of local history in certain regions of Ukraine.Документ On the Border Between Hetman Ukraine and Sloboda Ukraine: Gadyach Road in the Second Half of the 17th - 18th Centuries(2025) Osadchyi Yevhen Mykolaiovych; Осадчий Євген МиколайовичThe purpose of the research. The article analyzes the passage of one of the regional communication routes that connected the territory of Hetman’s Ukraine with Sloboda Ukraine. The Hadiach Way is a watershed road with a minimum number of crossings. It is almost never mentioned in written sources, but is well depicted on maps of the first half of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The purpose of the article is to obtain data on the route of this road, to find out the reasons that influenced the change of its route and to identify the stages of its development. The methodology of the study is to apply a comprehensive approach to the tasks at hand. We have scattered data contained in documents of the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries, maps of the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries, and general data on the development of the region on the border of the Hetman’s Ukraine and Sloboda Ukraine. Comparing these data on the basis of modern maps allows us to create a holistic picture of the functioning of the Hadiach Way. This is facilitated by the involvement of archaeological data, which gives us a basis for the data on mounds mentioned in documents from the seventeenth century. As a result, we get several layers of information that complement the data on the relief of the territory using remote scanning. Thus, we get markers that allow us to operate with both historical and natural data. The scientific novelty of the work lies in determining the main route of the Hadiach Way in different chronological segments. These routes are the result of the economic development of the region under study. The Hadiach Way is a reflection of the economic ties between Hetman’s Ukraine and Sloboda Ukraine, and its mapping allows us to clarify one of the important aspects of the economy of the Cossack era, namely the development of transport links. Conclusions. During its existence, the route of this road has changed several times. It depended on the emergence of new settlements in the region. At the first stage, the Hadiach Way connected Hadiach with the Azak fortress. This route was used for interstate border traffic between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Moskovia. The second route went through the villages of Kapustyntsi and Vasylivka to Mykhailivka and Lebedyn. At that time, the Hadiach Way was a significant economic road that connected the city of Hadiach with large villages and yeoman estates. During this period, the road was most in demand and had an important impact on the economic development of the region. The third route ran from Hadiach to Mykhailivka and Lebedyn and was intended to connect two major roads leading to Romny and Sumy.Документ Career Path of Notaries of the Nizhyn District Court (1874-1914)(2025) Artiukh Viacheslav Oleksiiovych; Артюх В’ячеслав Олексійович; Bilichenko Pavlo Hennadiiovych; Біліченко Павло ГеннадійовичThe purpose of the article is to reconstruct the professional path of notaries of the Nizhyn District Court for 1874-1914. The study of their professional path is helped by the search and involvement of archival documents of Fund 358 ‘Nizhyn District Court’ of the Department for Ensuring the Preservation of Documents of the State Archives of Chernihiv Region (Nizhyn). To implement the purpose of the study, biographical, chronological methods, and the general scientific method of systemic analysis were used. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the professional path of notaries who worked at the Nizhyn District Court in 1874-1914 has been introduced into scientific circulation. It was found that 57.1% (8) of the officials were of the Orthodox faith, 7.1% (1) were Roman Catholic, 7.1% (1) were Lutheran, and another 28.6% (4) were unknown. By class affiliation: 42.8% (6 people) – came from the nobility, another 42.8% (6) – came from the families of an archpriest, a burgher, a merchant, a collegiate councilor, an honorary citizen, a peasant, 14.3% – unknown. It was found that 28.6% (4) of notaries were born in the provinces: Poltava, Kherson, Chernihiv, Kyiv; another 7.1% (1) – Kursk, 7.1% – Courland provinces, 57.1% (8) – the place of birth could not be identified. It was recorded that 35.7% (5) had a special legal education. It was found that 21.4% (3) of people began their service in the Odessa, Katerynoslav, Nizhyn district courts. Before becoming a notary at the Nizhyn District Court, 28.6% (4) of people worked as bailiffs. I.M. Kardashevskyi alternately held the position of notary in the cities of Krolevets, Korop, Konotop, and Nizhyn. While Y.G. Ostrovskyi, G.O. Freitah Fon Lorynshof, M.P. Shepelev worked only in the city of Nizhyn, M.P. Pavlushenko – in the city of Krolevets, S.I. Marynych – in the city of Hlukhiv. At the time of taking up the position of notary at the Nizhyn District Court, the youngest in age was P.V. Sabbatovskyi (about 25 years old), the oldest was Y.G. Ostrovskyi (about 53 years old).Документ Construction Ceramics and Background Ornaments of the Mausoleums of the Ancient Settlement of Kharaba Gilan(2025) Beidullazade Vusala Fazil; Бейдуллазаде Вусала ФазілAzerbaijani architecture has gone through a long development path in its history from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages. The dwellings, defensive systems, public buildings and memorial monuments built in this large chronological range had their own architectural features. Over the centuries, construction techniques have improved, durable building materials have been discovered and spread all over the world. Among the building materials, it is worth mentioning construction ceramics and gage (lime with a mixture), which were widely used in the construction of memorial monuments and public buildings and contributed to the intensive development of architecture. The purpose of the study is to analyze the architectural features of the mausoleums of the Kharaba Gilan settlement, built using building ceramics and lime (lime with impurities), as well as to study their decorative elements, including geometric ornaments and epigraphy. Methodology. The study used complex methods of analysis: architectural and historical analysis, comparative method. The study of literary sources, archaeological data and materials of restoration works has been carried out. Scientific novelty. The work reveals the importance of gage and building ceramics in the development of Azerbaijani architecture, emphasizing their influence on the strength, aesthetic expressiveness and durability of buildings. The study demonstrates that ‘architectural shirts’ with ornamental and epigraphic elements not only served a decorative function, but also contributed to the preservation of buildings. Conclusions. As a result of the study, it was found that building materials such as burnt bricks and tar paper contributed to the creation of stable and aesthetically perfect architectural objects. The use of ‘architectural shirts’ with geometric ornaments and epigraphy highlights the high level of construction technology in medieval Azerbaijan. The analysis showed that these architectural elements are important for the preservation of cultural heritage and require further research in the context of restoration and protection of monuments.Документ Novgorod-Siversky in the 13th – 18th Centuries: Analysis of Archaeological Research on the Topic(2025) Kedun Ivan; Кедун ІванThe article is devoted to the analysis of the archaeological materials available today on the history of Novgorod-Siversky in the 13th – 17th centuries. Based on the comparison of written sources and the results of recent archaeological research, a new perspective on the current state of archaeological research on the topic is proposed. As a result of the study, the fact is stated that archaeological materials allow us to take a new look at the settlement and functioning of the city in the corresponding period. The aim of the work is to determine the state of archaeological research of the period from the 13th to the 17th centuries, the city of Novgorod-Siversky. The methodological basis of the study is based on the analysis and verification of previous scientific conclusions with the materials of recent archaeological research. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that on the basis of recent archaeological materials, promising directions, periods and tasks for further research are determined in the work. Conclusions. Archaeological research materials indicate the continuation of life in the city after the Mongol invasion, however, further research should reveal the issues of the functioning of fortifications, the number and nature of the population and the economy. Materials from the 14th – 16th centuries, although occasionally encountered during excavations, do not currently represent the surviving complexes and do not provide an opportunity to fully illustrate this period of the city’s life. Instead, the 17th century is widely covered both in written sources and in archaeologically illustrated series of complexes. Future research should be devoted to an attempt to link the mentioned periods stratigraphically and significantly expand knowledge about the 14th – 16th centuries.Документ Credit and Banking Policy of the Zemsk Liberal Opposition of Northern Ukraine (70-80s of the 19th Century)(2025) Kotelnytskyi Nazar Anatoliiovych; Котельницький Назар АнатолійовичThe purpose of the study is to investigate the priorities of the credit and banking policy of the Zemstvo liberal movement at the stage of the 70s-80s of the 19th century. Methodology of the work. In the preparation of scientific research, a general scientific (methods of synthesis and analysis, deduction and induction, generalization) and a special historical (critical, problem-chronological methods, method of content analysis) research methodology was used, which generally ensured the achievement of the tasks set in the publication. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time in Ukrainian historical science, on the basis of primary sources, some of which are being introduced into international scientific circulation for the first time, the main imperatives of the credit and banking policy of the Zemstvo liberal party of Ukraine in the period of the 70s-80s of the 19th century are highlighted. Conclusions. The author came to the conclusion that credit and banking policy was a significant, integral and organic part of the economic program of the zemstvo liberal movement in the north of Left-Bank Ukraine in the 70s-80s of the 19th century. Analysis of historical sources convincingly indicates that the main imperatives of the economic program of the opposition aristocratic front of northern Ukraine reflected the ideological principles of Western liberalism of that time and were aimed at financial support, social protection and economic development of the largest class of the population of the Northern Left-Bank – the peasantry. In general, the credit and banking policy of the zemstvo liberal party of northern Ukraine performed a fundamentally important function of servicing the system of economic activity in the region and contributed to the progress of capitalist relations in the life of the country’s society.Документ Mortgage Credit System in the Middle Dnieper Region During the Second Half of the 19th – Beginning of the 20th Century(2025) Nykytenko Viktoriia; Никитенко ВікторіяThe purpose of the article is to reveal the essence, organisational principles, and functioning of the mortgage credit system in the Middle Dnieperian region during the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries, as well as to determine its significance for the socio-economic development of the region, in particular for supporting the agricultural sector. The research methodology is based on the fundamental principles of historical research: historicism, systematicity, and objectivity in the selection of facts and documents. Scientific novelty of the publication. The organisational principles of the activities of mortgage institutions, their key functions and role in providing financial support to the agricultural sector, the impact of mortgage lending on the economic development of the region, its social aspects, and adaptation to changes in the agricultural market in the context of reforms and modernisation are analyzed. It is emphasised that since the mid-1860s, a mortgage lending system based on new capitalist principles began to form in the territory of the Middle Dnieper region. The mechanisms of mortgage lending and their impact on the economic situation in Ukraine are studied. Special attention is paid to the activities of the Ukrainian branches of the Peasant Land Bank, which were quite effective. Both positive aspects and shortcomings of the implementation of the mortgage lending system in the Ukrainian provinces are identified. It is proved that the mortgage loan became one of the mechanisms for overcoming obstacles that complicated the penetration of capitalist relations into the agriculture of the Dnieper region in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Conclusion. Mortgage credit became one of the ways to circumvent the difficulties that stood in the way of the penetration of capitalist relations into the agriculture of the Dnieper region in the second half of the 19th century. In the first post-reform decades, there was a destruction of estate land ownership, mobilisation of land ownership, and growth of rent and mortgage debt, which ultimately led to the creation of conditions for free competition. The mortgage, which was used to purchase land, allowed delaying the payment of the entire amount for its use in the production sector. But here a contradiction arises: the funds used to purchase land were actually withdrawn from agricultural production. And since land in the Russian Empire was expensive, this led to the withdrawal of significant amounts from the production sector of the village. Mortgage credit and the associated debt of large landowners prompted the development of the process of land mobilization. Mortgages in general have become a natural phenomenon that has done its job, accelerating the capitalist restructuring of agriculture and causing social stratification of the countryside.Документ Participation of the Greek-Catholic Clergy in Cultural and Educational Processes in Eastern Galicia in the Interwar Period(2025) Zuliak Ivan Stepanovych; Зуляк Іван СтепановичThe purpose of the study is to analyze the main directions of educational and cultural activities of the Greek-Catholic clergy in the conditions of Eastern Galicia under the rule of the Polish Republic. The methodology of the study is based on the principles of historicism, scientificity, objectivity, and systematicity. General scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) and special historical (historical-genetic, comparative-historical) methods were used. The scientific novelty lies in a comprehensive analysis of the stated topic and the introduction of archival materials into scientific circulation, which makes it possible to clarify the main directions of educational and cultural and educational activities of the Greek-Catholic clergy in the interwar period in Eastern Galicia. Conclusions. In the interwar period, the Greek Catholic parish clergy of Eastern Galicia played a key role in preserving national education and culture, and helped restore the financial and property status of parishioners. The clergy actively advocated for the preservation of schools with Ukrainian as the language of instruction, helped to conduct school plebiscites, and defended the right to study in Ukrainian. For educational purposes, the clergy created centers of the Prosvita society in parishes. The key goal of the cooperation between the branches and priests was to strive for the spiritual and cultural uplift of the Ukrainian people through the organization of education and cultural and educational activities in parishes. Priests were active members of Prosvita, participating in its meetings and events. They organized reading rooms, libraries, and gave lectures and speeches aimed at raising national consciousness and patriotism. The Greek Catholic Church provided practical and material support for the activities of Prosvita. The wives of Greek Catholic priests were actively involved in social activities and cultural and educational processes in parishes.Документ Primary Parish Education in Kherson Gubernia After the K. Pobedonostsev’s Reform (1884-1900)(2025) Tryhub Oleksandr; Тригуб ОлександрThe purpose of the paper is to determine the place and role of parish education, which was formed as a result of K. Pobedonostsev’s reforms, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses (the level of youth education, teacher training issues, material condition of schools, etc.), using a regional approach – the territory of the Kherson gubernia/eparchy. Conclusions. The reforms of the Ober-Prosecutor of the Holy Synod, Konstantin Pobedonostsev, had a significant impact on the development of parish education both throughout the Russian Empire and specifically in Ukrainian gubernias. The essence of his reforms was directed towards strengthening the Church’s role in teaching and upbringing, which, as evidenced by existing materials, had both positive and negative consequences. As a result, there was a rapid expansion of the network of parish schools, with complete subordination to the Holy Synod. By the end of 1884, there were 96 parish schools and literacy schools in the Kherson gubernia/eparchy, and by 1900, their number reached 657, with over 32,000 students. The main components of the educational process were the Law of God, reading church texts, writing, and arithmetic, with a focus on religious education. At the same time, as indicated by reports from the Kherson eparchy, agricultural, craft, and handicraft subjects began to be taught in the parish schools. On the other hand, parish education had to compete with zemstvo schools, which led to the scattering of financial resources, as the Kherson eparchy was one of those where the zemstvos financially supported this type of elementary school. However, the state funded parish schools more actively than the zemstvo schools. Unfortunately, despite the increase in the number of schools, the quality of education remained low due to the narrow curriculum. Illiteracy remained widespread, with more than 80% of peasants illiterate by 1897, as many children either did not attend school or left early. Furthermore, many peasant families preferred children’s labor at home or in the fields to providing education. Thus, Pobedonostsev’s reforms made parish schools the main tool for elementary education for peasants. They helped spread basic literacy, but at the same time limited secular education and contributed to the preservation of a traditional, religiously conservative approach to education.Документ The Development of Greek-Catholic Theological Education and Science in Eastern Galicia in the Interwar Period(2025) Kostiuk Lesia; Костюк ЛесяThe purpose of the study is to analyze the activities of the Greek Catholic clergy in the context of the development of theological education and science in the interwar period in Eastern Galicia. The methodology of the study is based on the principles of historicism, scientificity, objectivity, and systematicity. General scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) and special historical (historical-genetic, comparative-historical) methods were used. The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive analysis of the stated topic and the introduction of archival materials into scientific circulation, which makes it possible to clarify the main activities of the Greek Catholic clergy in the context of the development of theological education and science in the interwar period in Eastern Galicia. Conclusions. In the first half of the twentieth century, the priestly profession in Eastern Galicia had a high social status. The system of theological education included five Greek Catholic seminaries and one higher educational institution, the Greek Catholic Theological Academy, which provided training. Under the Polish occupation, the seminaries were centers for preserving Ukrainian national identity, contributing to the education of patriotic clergy who played an active role in the national and cultural revival. The Academy became a center for the formation of Ukrainian theological schools of thought, promoting research in theology and church history. The curriculum combined theological disciplines aimed at developing practical skills with general education subjects such as languages (Ukrainian, German, French), history, and geography. The most successful graduates had the opportunity to continue their studies abroad. The Greek Catholic Theological Academy was an important scientific, educational, and cultural center that made a significant contribution to the development of Ukrainian theological science, education, and culture. Its activities contributed to the formation of a highly educated clergy, the development of scientific research and the establishment of interfaith dialogue.Документ Factors Influencing the Location of the Settlement Revealed in Layer I of the Mira Site(2025) Stepanchuk Vadym; Степанчук ВадимThe long-term settlement of the region by Palaeolithic humans was determined by the availability of three key factors: water, food, and raw materials for tool-making. In the continental climate of the Eurasian steppe zone, another crucial factor was the presence of shelters or materials for their construction. The objective of this article is to clarify the reasons that determined the location of the settlement in Layer I of the Mira site. The Upper Palaeolithic site of Mira, located in the Dnipro Valley, was situated in an area devoid of stone resources, which could have posed a significant limitation. However, the abundance of archaeological sites from this period in the region suggests its high attractiveness to prehistoric people. The applied methodology systematically integrates data from archaeology and the natural sciences concerning both the settlement itself and its immediate surroundings. As a tool for reconstructing the factors that determined the location of the settlement in Layer I of the Mira site, historical and ethnographic sources on the natural conditions of the region during the pre-industrial period are utilised. The comprehensive incorporation of archaeological, geological, ethnographic, and historical data is applied to the materials from Mira for the first time, which determines the novelty of both the approach and the conclusions obtained. The primary factor compensating for the lack of stone raw materials was likely the abundance of biological resources. An analysis of the landscape features indicates that before the construction of a cascade of reservoirs, the Dnipro Valley in the area of the Great Bend comprised a complex system of islands, meadows, lakes, and wetlands. This ecosystem provided stable sources of animal and plant materials, making the region highly favourable for hunter-gatherer groups. Historical and ethnographic sources help reconstruct the natural conditions of the region in the pre-industrial period, offering insights into the likely spectrum of resources available to Palaeolithic populations. Archaeological and natural-scientific studies reveal evidence that characterizes the seasonality of the settlement, hunting practices, economic and ritual activities, and the harmonious use of local natural resources. In conclusion, the application of a comprehensive approach to the study of the Mira site, integrating archaeological, natural science, and historical-ethnographic data, has proven effective and yielded meaningful results. This research provides a coherent explanation for both the factors influencing repeated human settlement in this region and specific aspects of domestic and technological behaviour, as well as the survival strategies adopted in Mira Layer I.Документ Relations of the Plast With the International Bureau and Czech Scouts in the Inter-War Period(2025) Olitskyi Viacheslav Oleksandrovych; Оліцький В'ячеслав ОлександровичThe article aims to study the relations of the Ukrainian Plast movement with the International Bureau and the Czech Scout Association in the 1920s and 1930s to analyze forms of cooperation and exchange of experience. The study’s methodological basis involves using both general and special scientific research methods, particularly problem-chronological, structural-logical, typological and diachronic analysis. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time, based on the memoirs of Plast participants in international youth events, an analysis of inter-organizational relations between Plast and other associations and historical figures, was conducted, supplemented by the history of Czech-Ukrainian scout intra-organizational relations in the interwar period. Conclusions. In the 1920s–1930s, representatives of Ukrainian scouting carried out active international communication activities with other youth associations in Europe. The first attempt to establish contact with the scouting «centre» was the correspondence of Ukrainian Plast girls with the secretary of the International Council of Guides, S.V. Riede, regarding their participation in the V International Guide Conference held in 1928 in Hungary. Although the dialogue did not achieve its goal, the Ukrainian organisation firmly stated that Ukrainians were also an integral part of the World Scout Youth movement. Transcarpathian Plast, a member of Czechoslovakia’s internationally recognized Scout Federation, repeatedly participated in various jamborees. At them, Plast girls directly contacted representatives of other scouting delegations and communicated with famous figures, particularly politicians of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. The latter had a different attitude towards Ukrainians: a probable reason could be their ideological views. The relations between Plast girls and Czech scouts were heterogeneous and dynamic. Working in the same organisation, they represented the Czechoslovak Republic internationally. The memoirs of the jamboree participants describe both their joint, friendly Czech-Ukrainian interaction and conflict situations, the tendency of which increased towards the end of the 1930s.Документ Консенсус(2024)В журналі розглядаються актуальні проблеми історії України, всесвітньої історії, історичного краєзнавства, міжнародних відносин, історіографії, джерелознавства, спеціальних історичних дисциплін, теорії та методології історичної науки, археології, етнології, історії науки й технікиДокумент Консенсус(СумДПУ імені А. С.Макаренка, 2024)В журналі розглядаються актуальні проблеми історії України, всесвітньої історії, історичного краєзнавства, міжнародних відносин, історіографії, джерелознавства, спеціальних історичних дисциплін, теорії та методології історичної науки, археології, етнології, історії науки й техніки