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A Brief Sketch of the History of Sumy Theological School (1888-1919)
(2023) Kudinov Dmytro Valeriiovych; Taraban Yurii; Кудінов Дмитро Валерійович; Тарабан Юрій
The relevance of this study is due, first of all, to the absence of works devoted to the history of the Sumy Theological School in the national historiography. It is indicated that the main obstacle to carrying out research on the topic is the lack of archival documents. The main group of sources of the article, on which the authors relied, are the publications of the journals of the meetings of the clergy of the Sumy school district, reports, lists of pupils, messages and appeals related to the life of the school, published in the periodicals of the eparchy – «Letter for the Kharkiv Eparchy», «Vedomosti and notes on the Kharkiv Eparchy». These materials made it possible to recreate a more or less complete picture of school life and realize the goal of the work – to reveal the most significant aspects of the functioning of the theological school in the city of Sumy at the end of the 19th – early 20th century. The main text of the publication contains the following parts: a description of the circumstances of the foundation of the Sumy Theological School; description of the educational institution’s finances (estimate, sources of replenishment); management of the school (congress of clergy of the Sumy school district, school board, school supervisor, custodian); teaching staff of the school; organization of educational work (educational disciplines, academic performance, Christian upbringing, cultural and educational events with the participation of students); closure of the educational institution. The authors emphasized the important role in the emergence of the educational institution of the Sumy deacon Fr. Vasyl Nikolskyi, Archbishop of Kharkiv and Okhtyrka Amvrosii (Klyucharyov), Sumy businessmen I.G. Kharitonenko and D.I. Sukhanov. Among the staff of the school, more attention was paid to its supervisor A.F. Gruzov and teacher F.F. Gorain according to the availability of sources. The conclusions indicate the prospects for further research on the chosen topic. First of all, it is an interesting reproduction of the psychological atmosphere of the school, the nuances of the teachers’ pedagogical creativity, the relationships within the student groups, as well as between students and teachers. The authors consider their research in the field of microhistory as a component of a complex of research on the history of secondary education institutions in Sumy.
Activities of Boris Hmyrya During the Second World War
(2024) Berezhna Svitlana Viktorivna; Бережна Світлана Вікторівна; Diakova Olena; Дьякова Олена
The work’s aim is to highlight Boris Romanovych Hmyria’s life during the Second World War.The methodological basis of the work are the principles of historicism, objectivity and systematicity. The article is based on philosophical and special scientific methods of the socio-humanitarian sphere of scientific knowledge.The scientific novelty consists in the study of the activities of B.Hmyria during the Second World War. The singer’s biography of 1939-1945 is recreated, and important events that happened in his life at that time and in the post-war period are determined.Conclusions. The life of Boris Romanovych Hmyria during the Second World War can be divided into three stages: before the Nazi occupation (1.09.1939–22.10.1941), during the Nazi occupation (24.10.1941–25.03.1944) and after the Nazi occupation (25.03.1944–2.09.1945). All three stages and post-war life unite performances on stage, improvement of creative potential, and love of the public. But there are peculiarities. At the beginning of the war, B.Hmyria’s career was beginning and was successful, as evidenced by the award of Honored Artist of the Ukrainian SSR in 1941. The second stage is marked by the fact that the singer was a civilian prisoner (as told to him by the head of the Poltava Opera Z.Wolfer) and was forced to perform where he was ordered. This period negatively affected the future life of the man. After the liberation of Ukraine from the German occupiers, the attitude of some of the colleagues towards Boris Romanovych was negative. Despite the support of the Soviet government and the boundless love of the public, persecution in the theatre led to the premature death of the artist.It should be noted that the biography of B.Hmyria was typical for actors who survived the Nazi occupation, and differed only in that he did not survive the arrest and prison term, like many others. He had the opportunity to emigrate to the West, but his boundless love for Ukraine forced him to stay in his native land.
Andriy Malyshko’s Activity in the Conditions of the «Zhdanovshchyna»
(2025) Plisetskyi Dimitrii; Плісецький Дімітрій
The aim of the article. To examine the causes and essence of the «Zhdanovshchina» policy, as well as to analyze its implementation through the activities and work of the Ukrainian Soviet poet Andriy Malyshko. The research methodology. To achieve the objectives of this article, widely accepted approaches, principles, and methods of scientific inquiry were applied: analysis of documentary sources and newspaper publications, their subsequent synthesis, comparison of the approaches of various researchers, systematization, and generalization of the gathered information. These methods enabled the identification of the essence of the «Zhdanovshchina» policy through the example of the activities of the Ukrainian Soviet poet Andriy Malyshko. Scientific novelty. Based on an in-depth study of archival materials, the author analyzes the causes and nature of the «Zhdanovshchina» policy – a campaign of criticism and persecution of Soviet cultural and literary figures during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its goal was to force writers to adhere to the principles of «socialist realism» in their creative works and to promote the cult of Joseph Stalin in their writings. The article also explores the atmosphere within the Union of Soviet Writers of Ukraine (USWU) and the Soviet Writers’ Union of the USSR, set against the backdrop of the prominent Ukrainian Soviet poet Andriy Samiylovych Malyshko’s activities. The article includes excerpts from reports by party officials and cultural figures, as well as resolutions from the USWU plenum meetings. Conclusions. The creative intellectuals were compelled to submit to the demands of the Soviet totalitarian system, one of the tools of which was the «Zhdanovshchina» policy. This policy opened the door for criticism of even the smallest details in the works of writers. The main goal of literature once again became the glorification of Stalin’s regime and its achievements. Those who opposed this were subjected to harsh criticism, deemed necessary and useful for writers. Through the example of Andriy Malyshko’s work, we can observe how even without clear justification, one could become an object of persecution. However, the poet was fortunate. Despite facing criticism and losing positions, he managed to continue his public and cultural activities under the conditions of «Zhdanovshchina» by conforming to its rules. Andriy Malyshko wrote works that fulfilled the demands outlined in Andriy Zhdanov’s report. The writer conformed to the Soviet totalitarian system, yet also participated in criticizing fellow writers as a means of self-preservation.
Animal’s Pawprints on the Bricks of Medzhybizh Castle
(2024) Stupak Alina; Ступак Аліна; Vietrov Viktor; Вєтров Віктор; Baranovskyi Anton; Барановський Антон
Occasional marks on bricks or other architectonic composites, with their potential to unveil environmental conditions at the time of their formation, attract scientific attention. The object of our research is the pawprints on bricks, a discovery made during the archaeological excavations of the historically significant Medzhybizh Castle (also known as Medzhybizh Fortress), located in the village of Medzhybizh, Khmelnytskyi region, Ukraine. Brick, a popular building material, was continually used to construct palaces and residential and household objects of the Castle’s architectural ensemble. The studied collection of bricks, dating to the 15th-19th centuries, is the second most widespread material, after stone blocks, for constructing various elements of the Castle complex.This study aims to identify the animal species responsible for the pawprints found and showcase the valuable informational potential of animal pawprints on bricks as an archaeological resource. The findings of the study reveal that the imprints can be attributed to canines, felines, swine, even-toed ungulates, and domestic fowl (chickens). Animal tracks present on the brick blanks indirectly reflect the environmental elements. In the context of the brick materials utilizedin the construction of Medzhybizh Castle, the animal imprints indicate the presence of animals associated with the proprietors of the brickyard or those from neighbouring households and farms. Animals could have unintentionally traversed the brick blanks while roaming freely, possibly attracted by the mineral components of the brick mortar. The dimensions of a dog’s pawprints enable an estimation of the size of certain individual dogs and their count. The small size of the hoofed mammal`s tracks suggests they belonged to young individuals, indicating the spring-summer season during which the brick blanks were created. The positioning of the tracks on the brick provides insights into the speed patterns of the animals’ movements on the blanks.Therefore,the results of the pawprint study on bricks and other ancient ceramic products not only contribute to our understanding of the past but also have practical applications in the scientific and museological spheres, making this research highly relevant and its applications tangible.
Approaches to Understanding the Causes of Military Conflicts During the Middle Bronze Age of the Dnipro-Don Measure
(2023) Dubiaha Andrii; Дубяга Андрій
The purpose of the article is to conduct an analysis of the possible causes of the military conflicts through the prism of the proposed approaches of V. Shnirelman. Research methodology. The research is based on the methodological principle of determinism, which assumes the existence of cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, and universalism, which is conditioned by the consideration of human reactions in ancient times based on the behavior and reactions of modern humans. The research is based on the historicalcomparative and historical-systemic method, which allow to fully realize the set goal. Scientific novelty. In the article, the question of considering the causes of military conflicts between pastoralists of the Middle Bronze Age between the Dnieper and Don rivers is updated. Solving the problems of the causes of military conflicts lies at the basis of the study of not only the military affairs of the Donetsk-Don catacomb culture, but also such issues as the technical level of the development of crafts, social stratification and economic formation. The main achievements of scientists regarding the development of the issues of the military affairs of the catacomb cultural circle are highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the main achievements of the leading researchers of the issue. An analysis of the causes of military conflicts was carried out through the approaches accumulated by V. Shnirelman. Conclusions. Analysis of the causes of the war, based on the approaches proposed by V.O. Shnirelman, testifies to the complexity of the problem. None of the proposed approaches fully reveals the causes of military conflicts. The most consistent and thorough is the neo-evolutionist approach, which proposes to consider the causes of military conflicts from the point of view of three components: organizational-structural, causal-purpose, military-technical. Taking these components into account, we can conclude that the leading cause of military conflicts is the form of economic activity, namely nomadic herding, which requires the protection or capture of new lands for livestock.
Archaeological Research of Ancient Rus Settlements 10-13 Centuries in the Territory of the Slovechansk-Ovruch Region
(2024) Khadadova Maryna Volodymyrivna; Хададова Марина Володимирівна
The article highlights the history of research on the peculiarities of the settlement structure of the Ancient Rus period on the territory of a unique natural formation – the Slovechansk-Ovruch ridge, located in the north of the Zhytomyr region.The purpose of the article: to analyze the stages of research of ancient Rus objects that had special conditions of development during the 10-13centuries.The methodological basis of the research is the principle of scientificity, methods of empirical and theoretical research.Scientific novelty: for the first time, information on the study of ancient Russian settlements, which arose and developed in specific economic conditions during the 10-13centuries,was analyzed and systematized.Conclusions. In addition to good fertile soils and a favorable climate for agriculture, the territory of the Ovruch Ridge also attracted people with deposits of pink pyrophyllite slates. Mining, processing and manufacturing of things from it become the main occupation of the local the Ancient Rus population. A unique settlement structure is formed on the territory of the ridge, which traditionally consists of a settlement, a post, open settlements and burial grounds. But the peculiarity is that open settlements have a large area, they can conditionally be combined into agglomerations. Also, the settlements are specialized, their population is closely related to the development of pyrophyllite deposits, its extraction, processing, and transportation are the main occupations of the ancient Rus population of the Ovruch Ridge. Ancient Rus on the specified territory were destroyed for a long time, but from the end of the 9thcentury they began to be discovered and recorded by scientists. During the entire 20thcentury the sights of the region were examined by archaeologists, but no research was carried out. only from the end of the 20thcentury. The Ovruch archaeological expedition started working in the region, which discovered unique sights - specialized settlements with a rich cultural layer. But the archaeological sites of the region also require protection. The activities of the employees of the Ovruch archaeological expedition within the framework of the ‘Ovruch project’ created for the study and protection of the monuments of the former Ovruch volost are aimed at this.
Archaeological Research of the Late Bronze Age – Early Iron Agesettlements on the Left bank of the Middle Reaches of the Vorskla River in 2023
(2023) Shaporda Oleh Mykolaiovych; Шапорда Олег Миколайович; Буйнов Юрій Володимирович; Buinov Yurii Volodymyrovych; Пеляшенко Костянтин Юрійович; Peliashenko Kostiantyn Yuriiovych
The article presents the results of research conducted by the expedition of the Historical and Cultural Reserve‘Bilsk’ at archaeological sites along the left bank of the Vorskla River in 2023 (Kotelva territorial community, Poltava district, Poltava region). The work was carried out as part of a scholarship program from the Deutsche Archaeological Institute.The purpose of this article is to highlight information about the research of the monuments of the end of the Bronze Age-Early Iron Age on the left bank of the middle course of the Vorskla River in 2023.It was found out that the cultural layerings recorded during exploration along the left bank of the Vorskla are newly discovered settlements. Information about them is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.The publication pays special attention to the settlement of Staryi Karier, whose cultural layers date back to the end of the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. Several finds of the post-Mongolian period and the Modern era were also discovered on the territory of the settlement. An important aspect of the research is the analysis of the coexistence and interpenetration of two archaeological cultures of the final stage of the Bronze Age – Lebedivka and Bondarykha.A small excavation was also made at the KotelvaII settlement. It was a relative surprise for the researchers to discover cultural layers of the Late Roman period belonging to the Cherniakhiv culture. This moment opens up some new perspectives for further research of this settlement, in particular, along the terrace's supra-slopeof the Vorskla River.Exploration work along the left bank of the Vorskla River also yielded good results. In particular, it was possible to identify a settlement of the Babyno culture and several small settlements of the Bronze Age.
Archaeological Research on the Territory of the Bilsk Microregion During the Period of Martial Low
(2023) Корост Ігор; Korost Ihor
The article presents brief summaries of protective and rescue archaeological research conducted on cultural heritage sites in 2022 by specialists of the Communal Institution «Historical and Cultural Reserve «Bilsk» of the Poltava Regional Council. The works were carried out on the territory of the modern left bank of the Vorskla River (Kotelva territorial community, Poltava district, Poltava region). The materials highlight the results of archaeological studies of 2 multilayered settlements – Kotelva II and Staryi Karier. The article presents information about the research history of the sites selected for study in 2022. The reasons that prompted large-scale archaeological research of cultural heritage sites during the Russian-Ukrainian war era are outlined. According to the results of the field work, a preliminary description of the discovered objects and antiquities is given. On the settlement Kotelva II, during the activities of the expedition of the «Bilsk» reserve in 2022, 350 m2 were discovered. 39 objects of the Scythian period were found. The vast majority of them are household pits. In 2022, 2 excavations with a total area of 295 m2 were laid at the settlement Staryi Karier. In the first excavation, 16 household objects, a cellar of the Scythian time, were founded and investigated. A Bronze Age dwelling was also discovered. In the second excavation, 12 objects were founded. Among them are 2 dwelling and a household pits of the Final Bronze Age and Scythian time. Important attention is paid to clarifying (determining) the cultural and chronological positions of the studied settlement monuments. It has been established that the Bronze Age layering from the Kotelva II settlement can be attributed to the XIII–XII centuries B.C. During the Scythian era, the village functioned in the 6th – at the beginning of the 5th centuries B.C. Large-scale excavations made it possible to find out that the antiquities of the Scythian period from the territory of the Staryi Karier settlement can be dated to the end of the 6th – the first half of the 5th centuries B.C. Materials of the Bronze Age belong to the bearers of the Bondarikha, Ivanivka and Lebedivka cultures.
Career Path of Notaries of the Nizhyn District Court (1874-1914)
(2025) Artiukh Viacheslav Oleksiiovych; Артюх В’ячеслав Олексійович; Bilichenko Pavlo Hennadiiovych; Біліченко Павло Геннадійович
The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the professional path of notaries of the Nizhyn District Court for 1874-1914. The study of their professional path is helped by the search and involvement of archival documents of Fund 358 ‘Nizhyn District Court’ of the Department for Ensuring the Preservation of Documents of the State Archives of Chernihiv Region (Nizhyn). To implement the purpose of the study, biographical, chronological methods, and the general scientific method of systemic analysis were used. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the professional path of notaries who worked at the Nizhyn District Court in 1874-1914 has been introduced into scientific circulation. It was found that 57.1% (8) of the officials were of the Orthodox faith, 7.1% (1) were Roman Catholic, 7.1% (1) were Lutheran, and another 28.6% (4) were unknown. By class affiliation: 42.8% (6 people) – came from the nobility, another 42.8% (6) – came from the families of an archpriest, a burgher, a merchant, a collegiate councilor, an honorary citizen, a peasant, 14.3% – unknown. It was found that 28.6% (4) of notaries were born in the provinces: Poltava, Kherson, Chernihiv, Kyiv; another 7.1% (1) – Kursk, 7.1% – Courland provinces, 57.1% (8) – the place of birth could not be identified. It was recorded that 35.7% (5) had a special legal education. It was found that 21.4% (3) of people began their service in the Odessa, Katerynoslav, Nizhyn district courts. Before becoming a notary at the Nizhyn District Court, 28.6% (4) of people worked as bailiffs. I.M. Kardashevskyi alternately held the position of notary in the cities of Krolevets, Korop, Konotop, and Nizhyn. While Y.G. Ostrovskyi, G.O. Freitah Fon Lorynshof, M.P. Shepelev worked only in the city of Nizhyn, M.P. Pavlushenko – in the city of Krolevets, S.I. Marynych – in the city of Hlukhiv. At the time of taking up the position of notary at the Nizhyn District Court, the youngest in age was P.V. Sabbatovskyi (about 25 years old), the oldest was Y.G. Ostrovskyi (about 53 years old).
Chronicle Mention of the Detention of Polovtsian Ambassadors On The River Loknya in 1127
(2024) Osadchyi Yevhen Mykolaiovych; Осадчий Євген Миколайович
The article is devoted to the analysis of the text of the chronicle mention of the detention of Polovtsian ambassadors on the Loknya River in 1127. On the basis of a set of sources, the issue of the possible route of the Polovtsian army and the place of their stay on the Vyr River is considered. One of the problems in localizing the scene of the event is that there are several rivers in the studied region called Loknya. One of them is a tributary of the Vyr River and in the nineteenth century was considered the place where the ambassadors were detained. At the beginning of the twentieth century, historians and local historians revised these conclusions and determined that these events took place near the modern city of Suja. For almost a hundred years, this interpretation was not in doubt and was considered to be settled in historical science. However, the emergence of new data from archaeology, historical geography, and maps of the early modern period allows us to consider this issue in more detail. Maps from the first half of the eighteenth century show a small forested area in the upper reaches of the Vyr River, as well as a ford or crossing nearby. This location is exactly where the “steppe corridor” was located in the twelfth and first half of the thirteenth centuries, along which the Polovtsians moved to Kyiv and Chernihiv. The combination of several important facts allows us to assume with a high degree of probability that the events of 1127 took place on the Loknya River near the chronicle town of Vyr. The author proposes several possible routes of the Polovtsian army and provides arguments to confirm the version in favor of localizing this event there, and not in the basin of the Psel River.
Concepts of Regional Association of Central and Eastern European Countries
(2023) Михтуненко Вікторія Вікторівна; Mykhtunenko Viktoriia Viktorivna
At the current stage, there is no doubt about the role of the “Three Seas” initiative in the regional schedule. However, it is worth noting that one of the impetuses for its actualization was the world confrontation that arose after Russia’s encroachments on the territory of Ukraine (the annexation of Crimea and the instigation of the war in the East of Ukraine). Today, this idea of unification of states in the space from the Baltic to the Black and Adriatic seas, as it was at its inception, is actively supported by the USA. Over the past eight years, the attitude towards this program on the part of Germany and the European Union has also changed in a positive direction. In fact, from Poland’s attempt to realize its historical Central European ambitions, the Three Seas initiative was transformed into a prototype of the new Eastern Europe as an integral part of the transatlantic community. The interest of modern Polish politicians in the concept of “Mizhmorya” is a continuation of the tradition and political thought of Józef Piłsudski. First of all, the concept of “Mizhmorya” is closely related to his view of Poland’s foreign policy in the interwar period. However, its origins go back to the beginning of the 20th century, when there were discussions about Poland’s borders and its role in Europe after it gained independence. The main question concerned Poland’s ability to effectively resist the expansion of neighboring states – Germany and Russia. The actualization of the “Mizhmorya” concept at the current stage and the transformation of the latter into the “Three Seas” initiative began after the Russian aggression in Ukraine in 2014. In its current version, the concept includes the southern and eastern vectors of integration. This is a qualitative change, since for many centuries Poland’s foreign policy was formed on the East-West axis, paying much less attention to the North-South axis. It is worth noting that the concept of “Mizhmorya”, which in its current version has turned into “Three Seas”, is not considered as an alternative for membership in the EU and NATO. At the current stage, it does not have an independent character, complementing the generally pro-Western orientation of Poland and its other participants. In connection with the involvement of 12 countries in the “Three Seas Initiative” and the active role of Croatia, Romania and other states in it, it is losing connection with the original concept of the “Midsea”. It is becoming a format of regional cooperation within the EU, but it has quite strong foundations. Its success also depends on external factors: West-Russia relations, US activity in Central and Eastern Europe, and the difficult-to-predict future of the European Union. One can debate for a long time about the functionality and competitiveness of the new association in relation to other numerous regional entities, but one thing remains important: the implementation of the “Three Seas” initiative will start the process of building the energy independence of the countries of the Eastern European region from Russia. At the summit on June 20, 2022, the countries of the “Three Seas” initiative granted Ukraine the special status of a participating partner of the association. It is worth noting that Ukraine’s membership in “Trimory” is part of our country’s path to membership in the European Union. The concept envisages the development of world trade through the creation of new European logistics corridors, therefore it is important for Ukraine to become one of the transitors along these routes. Several areas of Ukraine’s cooperation with the participating countries of the “Three Seas” should be highlighted: the creation of the trans-European highway Via Carpathia, where Ukraine will play the role of an important logistics center; energy cooperation, Ukraine has one of the largest gas storages in the region and, using the capabilities of the Poland-Slovakia, PolandUkraine interconnectors, it is possible to meet the needs of all countries of the Three Seas; the export of Ukrainian electricity can help the countries of the “Three Seas” to become independent from the energy pressure of the Russian Federation; infrastructure and digitalization (countries should work on expanding checkpoints at the borders of Ukraine). Our state can support many infrastructure projects in the field of digitization and strengthen regional digital connections. So, the “Three Seas” initiative is Ukraine’s perspective to take a place on the European market and completely abandon logistical ties with the occupying country.
Conducting Peacekeeping Operations: Challenges of Modern Peacekeeping
(2023) Koziupa Volodymyr; Козюпа Володимир
The article examines approval criteria, stages of implementation, and problems associated with conducting peacekeeping operations. The study provides a comprehensive overview of the United Nations criteria for approving peacekeeping operations, including the need for the consent of the parties involved and the availability of resources. The article also outlines various stages of implementation. In addition, the paper highlights the challenges and issues often encountered in peacekeeping operations, such as lack of funding, insufficient resources and political complexities.Peacekeeping operations are becoming increasingly important in resolving conflicts and promoting peace around the world. However, conducting these operations is a complex process that requires careful planning and management. To meet these challenges, policymakers and practitioners must adopt a proactive approach to peacekeeping operations, including providing adequate funding and resources, promoting effective communication and cooperation, and prioritizing the safety and security of personnel involved. The article also highlights some of the key challenges facing peacekeeping operations in the modern era, including the changing nature of conflicts, the politicization of peacekeeping and the challenges of ensuring the safety of peacekeepers on the ground. In addition, the problems of resource allocation and coordination between various participants in peacekeeping activities, such as the UN, regional organizations and member states, are explored, calling for more attention to these challenges and more effective cooperation between all participants in peacekeeping operations. It emphasizes the need for a more nuanced and adaptive approach to peacekeeping that takes into account the unique circumstances of each conflict and utilizes the experience of all parties involved. Overall, the article highlights the importance of continuing efforts to improve the effectiveness and impact of peacekeeping operations in the modern era.
Construction Ceramics and Background Ornaments of the Mausoleums of the Ancient Settlement of Kharaba Gilan
(2025) Beidullazade Vusala Fazil; Бейдуллазаде Вусала Фазіл
Azerbaijani architecture has gone through a long development path in its history from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages. The dwellings, defensive systems, public buildings and memorial monuments built in this large chronological range had their own architectural features. Over the centuries, construction techniques have improved, durable building materials have been discovered and spread all over the world. Among the building materials, it is worth mentioning construction ceramics and gage (lime with a mixture), which were widely used in the construction of memorial monuments and public buildings and contributed to the intensive development of architecture. The purpose of the study is to analyze the architectural features of the mausoleums of the Kharaba Gilan settlement, built using building ceramics and lime (lime with impurities), as well as to study their decorative elements, including geometric ornaments and epigraphy. Methodology. The study used complex methods of analysis: architectural and historical analysis, comparative method. The study of literary sources, archaeological data and materials of restoration works has been carried out. Scientific novelty. The work reveals the importance of gage and building ceramics in the development of Azerbaijani architecture, emphasizing their influence on the strength, aesthetic expressiveness and durability of buildings. The study demonstrates that ‘architectural shirts’ with ornamental and epigraphic elements not only served a decorative function, but also contributed to the preservation of buildings. Conclusions. As a result of the study, it was found that building materials such as burnt bricks and tar paper contributed to the creation of stable and aesthetically perfect architectural objects. The use of ‘architectural shirts’ with geometric ornaments and epigraphy highlights the high level of construction technology in medieval Azerbaijan. The analysis showed that these architectural elements are important for the preservation of cultural heritage and require further research in the context of restoration and protection of monuments.
Content Characteristics of the ‘Office of the Mykolaiv Military Governor’ fond Through the Lens оf Content Analysis
(2024) Kartuzov Kostiantyn; Картузов Костянтин
This article explores the content characteristics of the archival fond ‘Office of the Mykolaiv Military Governor’ (1805-1901), preserved at the State Archive of Mykolaiv Oblast, as well as a portion of the fond housed at the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in KyivThe introduction of modern digital technologies into the fields of science and archival studies opens up new opportunities for the efficient analysis of large volumes of documents, paving the way for advancements in Ukrainian research. The use of automation tools and qualitative-quantitative methods, such as content analysis, significantly simplifies thematic systematization and enables more unbiased and objective assessments of historical processes.The author focuses on the systematization of documents and the analysis of the key areas of activity of the Office of the Military Governor through the method of content analysis. The application of modern digital tools, particularly Voyant Tools, and data science methods allowed for the identification of thematic blocks, the frequency of key terms, and temporal trends. The study covers the administrative, military, social, educational, cultural, and economic activities of the region. Special attention is given to formerly classified materials that illuminate issues of police surveillance, crime control, and socio-political processes in the second half of the 19thcentury.The adopted approach not only reconstructs the key aspects of the Office’s functioning but also integrates data science methods into the study of historical sources, fostering a deeper understanding of the socio-economic development of Southern Ukraine during the specified period.
Cooperation Between Ukraine and Turkey in the Sphere of Tourism: Achievements and Prospects
(2024) Tanavskyi Ihor; Танавський Ігор
The purpose of the article is an objective analysis of the content of interstate relations between Ukraine and the Republic of Turkey in the field of tourism in 1991–2021, the formation of a legislative framework and infrastructure development for the tourism business, and an outline of the achievements and prospects of joint investment projects in the tourism industry.Over the studied period, efforts by Ankara and Kyiv to accelerate cooperation and European integration can be traced. During this time, the main agreements on the conditions of mutual travel, transport connections, and air transportation between the two countries were concluded.Importantly, since the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation, Turkey has begun to receive our defenders for rehabilitation, refugees, and children for rest.The importance of such areas of cooperation between the two countries as medical and recreational, educational, scientific, cultural and educational, sports and religious tourist is outlined. Important interstate projects in the tourism industry were analyzed, which will further promote the exchange of experience and knowledge.The methodological basis of the study are the principles of objectivity, historicism, and systematism with the application of general scientific research methods: analysis, synthesis, induction, comparison, analogy, periodization, and generalization of information.The scientific novelty of the publication lies in a comprehensive analysis of the interstate relations between Ukraine and the Republic of Turkey in the field of tourism, in determining their economic, commercial, and cultural significance for both countries.Therefore, having considered the chronology and specificity of cooperation between Ukraine and Turkey in the field of tourism, it can be concluded that over the last thirty years, much has been done to deepen relations in this profitable sector, and that tourism is a significant component of international cooperation between Ukraine and the Republic of Turkey.
Credit and Banking Policy of the Zemsk Liberal Opposition of Northern Ukraine (70-80s of the 19th Century)
(2025) Kotelnytskyi Nazar Anatoliiovych; Котельницький Назар Анатолійович
The purpose of the study is to investigate the priorities of the credit and banking policy of the Zemstvo liberal movement at the stage of the 70s-80s of the 19th century. Methodology of the work. In the preparation of scientific research, a general scientific (methods of synthesis and analysis, deduction and induction, generalization) and a special historical (critical, problem-chronological methods, method of content analysis) research methodology was used, which generally ensured the achievement of the tasks set in the publication. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time in Ukrainian historical science, on the basis of primary sources, some of which are being introduced into international scientific circulation for the first time, the main imperatives of the credit and banking policy of the Zemstvo liberal party of Ukraine in the period of the 70s-80s of the 19th century are highlighted. Conclusions. The author came to the conclusion that credit and banking policy was a significant, integral and organic part of the economic program of the zemstvo liberal movement in the north of Left-Bank Ukraine in the 70s-80s of the 19th century. Analysis of historical sources convincingly indicates that the main imperatives of the economic program of the opposition aristocratic front of northern Ukraine reflected the ideological principles of Western liberalism of that time and were aimed at financial support, social protection and economic development of the largest class of the population of the Northern Left-Bank – the peasantry. In general, the credit and banking policy of the zemstvo liberal party of northern Ukraine performed a fundamentally important function of servicing the system of economic activity in the region and contributed to the progress of capitalist relations in the life of the country’s society.
Development of Multilateral Interstate Cooperation on Gender Issues in the Middle East (End of the 20 – Beginning of the 21 Century)
(2023) Tykhonenko Iryna; Kyrychenko Yelizaveta; Тихоненко Ірина; Кириченко Єлизавета
The article attempts to analyze the development of forms and manifestations of multilateral intergovernmental cooperation on gender issues in the Middle East at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century. The Middle East region, in religious and civilizational dimensions, is quite specific in terms of the comprehensive implementation of the ideas of feminism and overcoming gender gaps. However, as a result of the study, the effectiveness of the region’s involvement in both global initiatives on gender issues and the formation of its own mechanisms and tools for the protection of women was revealed, which is implemented in the following practical acts. Firstly, the involvement of the Middle East region as an object of activity of the United Nations Structure for Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women (“UN-Women”) aimed at protecting women in conflicts and granting equal rights to women alongside men. Secondly, the formation of a regulatory framework and programs on gender issues in the activities of the regional organization  the League of Arab States (LAD). It was found that the existing mechanism of intergovernmental cooperation in the LAD regarding the implementation of gender equality and the role of women in Arab society is not sufficiently effective, given the advisory nature of the organization’s decisions, and it is not sufficiently implemented in practice by all Middle Eastern states. It should be stressed on the positive and fruitful activity of the Arab Women Organization, which has a number of programs for the protection of Arab women and their rights. Thirdly, the dialogue between the Middle East and North Africa in the format of the MENA region is quite developed – the holding of African-Arab summits between the African Union and the League of Arab States, launched in 1977, which are aimed at jointly solving gender issues. The authors concluded that the Middle East region still has to overcome a number of barriers and domestic policy changes to protect women’s rights, but the initiation and development of dialogue on a multilateral basis is a positive step in achieving global trends in ensuring gender equality and feminism in general.
Director of the Sumy State Pedagogical Institute Dmytro Nukalov:Stroke to the Biography Against the Background of the Day
(2024) Kushch Yaroslav Mykolaiovych; Кущ Ярослав Миколайович; Semeshyn Eduard Volodymyrovych; Семешин Едуард Володимирович
Based on an extensive range of archival sources, the article reflects the biography of Dmytro Nukalov, a graduate and director of the Sumy State Pedagogical Institute. The study aims to comprehensively reconstruct the biography of D.Nukalov as an educator, scientist, and manager and outline promising directions for further research.The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that D.Nukalovʼs life story has, for the first time, become the subject of an independent, comprehensive scientific investigation. Highlighting the life path of this figure is significant for studying the past of the Sumy region, particularly in the context of educational history.The methodological basis of the study is the biographical method, utilizing the principles of scientific objectivity, historicism, and a combination of systemic and regional approaches aimed at a critical scientific analysis of a complex of historical sources.Conclusions. The study of D.Nukalovʼs life path emphasizes the necessity of integrating his biography into the broader context of Soviet educational policy, political repression, and ideological pressure. This allows for a deeper understanding of the interaction between the individual and society under a totalitarian regime.Analysis and introduction into circulation of a wide range of archival documents allowed us to sufficiently reconstruct the life and work of D.Nukalov. It was established that he spent most of his life (1931-1941, 1943-1954) working in Sumy, where he held prominent teaching, administrative, and party positions. Particular attention is given to his socio-political activities, scholarly pursuits, teaching at the Sumy Mechanical Engineering College (March 1934 – January 1939), and managing the Sumy State Pedagogical Institute (July 1940 – September 1941 and November 1944 – September 1948). In the general context of the biography, the contribution of D.Nukalov as the head of the institute to its development and functioning in the post-war period is determined. The primary cause of the destruction of his career and life has also been revealed.
Eastern Europe Before and After The Global Economic Crisis of 1900-1903
(2024) Ilkin Zulfuhar Mustafaiev; Ількін Зульфугар Мустафаєв
The purpose of this article is to analyze the impact of the economic crisis of 1900-1903 on Eastern Europe, identify common and specific features of the crisis in different regions, and assessthe long-term consequences for economic development, social sphere, and political processes. This period marked one of the first major global economic disruptions of the 20thcentury, with implications that influenced economic policies and practices for decades. The methodological basisof the study was the application of historical and economic analysis, comparative analysis and review of the latest studies related to economic crises. The focus is on analyzing the economic conditions in Eastern Europe before and after the crisis, as well as the impact on industrial and agricultural sectors, financial systems, and social spheres. Key variables such as production dynamics, international trade, price changes, and employment rates are examined to provide a comprehensive understanding of the crisis’s multifaceted effects. The study also considers the varying degrees of economic development across countries to highlight commonalities and differences in their experiences and responses.The novelty of this research lies in the comparative analysis of the crisis’s impact on different Eastern European countries, identifying both common and divergent features in the crisis’s manifestation and consequences. This approach deepens the understanding of how regional and national characteristics influenced the crisis’s severity and outcomes. Furthermore, the research examines the effectiveness of different economic policies and stabilization measures adopted in response, providing insights into the resilience and adaptability of their economic systems. Conclusions. The economic crisis of 1900-1903 significantly impacted Eastern Europe, affecting various aspects of their economies. The crisis revealed structural problems, common traits, and specific features that defined events in each country. It highlighted the need for structural reforms and modernization to prevent similar crises and ensure sustainable economic growth. Long-term consequences included shifts towards more regulated economic relationships and increased government intervention. The analysis underscores the importance of learning from past disruptions to build resilient economic systems capable of withstanding future global shocks. Understanding the historical and economic contexts that shaped these experiences can help policymakers develop strategies to manage and mitigate future crises.
Ecological Modernization of the European Union Economy in Condition of Political and Financial Limits
(2023) Horobets Ihor Volodymyrovych; Горобець Ігор Володимирович; Martynov Andrey; Мартинов Андрій
Тhe history of mankind from a material point of view is a change in technological systems, which determined the forms of organization of economic life. History has recorded many phase crises associated with the transition from one technological mode to another. The key objectives of the EU environmental policy are: combating climate change, ensuring biodiversity, limiting the negative impact of production on human health and quality of life, rational use of natural resources, waste recycling. Environmental policy is a joint competence of the Member States and the EU bodies. The goals of the EU’s common agricultural policy are: increasing agricultural productivity, ensuring social protection of farmers, stabilizing agricultural markets, food security, maintaining reasonable consumer prices for agricultural goods, and providing export subsidies. EU countries’ strategies for the energy sector are different. France remains a supporter of nuclear energy. Germany is closing down nuclear power plants, necessitating an increase in energy production from thermal power plants and alternative energy sources. Achieving new environmental standards in industry raises questions of socio-political stability, as there is a risk of job losses in the old industrial sectors and the slow creation of new jobs. Such disparities can negatively affect the political support of "green" environmental political parties, especially in the countries of "old" Europe. The political positions of the "greens" in the countries of the "new" Europe are less influential. This fact complicates the formation of a joint environmental group of influence in the EU in order to exert political pressure to implement environmental modernization of the economy. That is, the success of the ecological modernization of the EU economy systematically depends on the internal capacity of elites and European societies to implement this course and on the favorable balance of power in a globalized world.

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