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  • Документ
    Fortresses of Left-Bank Ukraine as a Raw Material Base for Saltpeter Mining in the 18 Century
    (2024) Osadchyi Yevhen Mykolaiovych; Осадчий Євген Миколайович
    The article is devoted to the study of the history of saltpeter mining on the territory of the Left Bank of Ukraine and the fate of the earth defense structures of the Cossack fortresses in this process. Nitrate production in the territory of the Left Bank of Ukraine was a fairly widespread industry. The development of artillery and firearms in early modern armies was one of the reasons for the increase in saltpeter production. In the 17thcentury, mounds of barrows and ramparts of ancient fortifications were used for its extraction, where saltpeter was naturally concentrated. Butthis method depended on the coincidence of many factors. From the second half of the 17thcentury on the territory of the Hetman Oblast and the Slobozhan Oblast, the on-board method of saltpeter mining is increasingly spreading. The appearance of saltpeter plants, which worked with artificial edges, greatly simplified the process of saltpeter production, but also required finding places for their location. At this time, saltpeter workers paid attention to the abandoned fortresses built in the 17thcentury, which had a convenient location and soil reserves for the construction of artificial banks.During the 18thcentury, the role of fortresses in the defense of Left Bank Ukraine is gradually changing. At the beginning of the century, they were an important component of defense, but over time their influence gradually decreases. Some of them are falling into disrepair, and the rest are turning into rural settlements. The territory of the abandoned fortresses was a convenient location for saltpeter workshops, and the defensive structures served as a raw material base for saltpeter mining. If in the first half of the 18thcentury the hetman’s administration followed the preservation of fortresses, then in the second half of the century this process became widespread even without the restoration of the ramparts. The final destruction of defensive structures by saltpeter’s took place at the end of the century and was connected with the re-planning of cities.